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Product overview
Ketamine was synthesised in 1962 by Calvin Stevens, a chemist working for Parke-Davis. The compound was designated CI-581. On 3 August 1964, Edward Domino and Guenter Corssen at the University of Michigan administered the substance to a human being. Parke-Davis patented the drug in 1966 and sold it under the name Ketalar.
Since 1985, ketamine has featured on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines. It is one of only two injectable general anaesthetics on the list. Across much of the world it is the only anaesthetic available for essential surgery, covering populations numbering more than two billion people. For that reason the World Health Organization has repeatedly advised against placing it under international control, unlike almost all of the other substances in this catalogue.
Naald refers to the shape of the crystal, shards rather than grains. The reason for the shape is in how the material crystallised and dried. It tells you nothing about what is inside the shard.
Ketamine was 3.2% of the samples submitted to the Dutch testing service DIMS in 2023.
DIMS reports that ketamine produces mind-altering effects and a separation of the mind and body. Because of that effect, ketamine is considered a dissociative rather than a sedative. At higher doses the separation becomes complete, which is the state users refer to as the k hole.
Yes, and a critical one. It is used for anaesthesia and holds its place on the WHO essential medicines list because in low resource settings there is often no alternative. Its safety profile in those settings is part of why it is valued, since it does not depress breathing the way most general anaesthetics do.
No. The size and shape of a crystal are the result of the conditions of crystallisation, not of purity. The same substance can range from a large shard to a fine powder, and neither appearance is a test.
Because the WHO has argued that scheduling it would restrict access for surgery in the countries that depend on it most. Control of the drug is left to individual countries under their own law rather than to the international treaties.
